Novel Representative Sampling for Improved Active Learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Active learning solves machine learning problems where acquiring labels for the data is costly. It allows for the learner to select training samples by asking intelligent questions. Various sampling strategies exist for choosing the training set for pool-based active learning. However, the existing representative querying approaches for active learning do not attempt to capture the underlying data distribution, which we believe is an important part of representative sampling. To that end, we propose an adaptation of the sigma point sampling technique from unscented transformation (UT) for constructing a representative subset. UT has shown to be very effective in non-linear transformation modeling in object tracking and robotics. When combined with the Gaussian mixture model, sigma points can estimate the statistical moments such as mean and co-variance of an unknown distribution with very few samples which are generated deterministically. Sigma point sampling being parameterized gives better control over the sampling process. We use sigma points for representative subset construction and train the learner on them. We compare our results with other sampling techniques and improve test accuracy on the handwritten digit recognition data set MNIST.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".