Auto‐thermal chemical looping combustion of sulphur with <scp> Fe <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> </scp> oxygen carriers for sulphuric acid production: Thermodynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Chemical looping is a novel fuel conversion and material separation technology. It can be applied to obtain sulphur through selective oxidation of H 2 S. Further, chemical looping combustion (CLC) of sulphur can generate SO 2 with a high concentration without NO x formation. The high SO 2 concentration is adjustable and facilitates large‐scale H 2 SO 4 production. In this study, we examined the thermodynamics of the CLC of sulphur for H 2 SO 4 production, which has not been reported previously. We analyzed the effects of reactor temperature and sulphur to Fe 2 O 3 oxygen carrier (OC) ratios on sulphur allotrope transformations and on the distributions of reaction products. Moreover, the reactors were operated auto‐thermally. Based on this design, we examined the effects of fuel reactor (FR) and air reactor temperatures on the minimum recirculation of the OC, as well as the gas and solid products and heat released from the air reactor. Our results showed that the CLC of sulphur with Fe 2 O 3 OC could occur through an auto‐thermal process. The FR in a sulphur CLC system should be operated over a temperature range of 800–950°C, with an Fe 2 O 3 OC recirculation between 45 and 143 kg/kg S(s) . Furthermore, when the FR was operated in the auto‐thermal mode, we achieved 100% SO 2 conversion. The findings of this study may be applied to reactor design for large‐scale H 2 SO 4 production through CLC of sulphur.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".