Bibliographic record
Abstract
A History of Creole Trinidad takes us through the pages of Trinidad's political history from 1956 to 2010.These 54 years span a period beginning with the political ascendancy of Eric Williams and ending when the country seemingly rid itself of his legacy.Two political developments marked the end of the Williams era in 2010: the People's National Movement (pnm) dumped its leader and replaced him with one who was not of the Williams era, and the United National Congress (unc) likewise dumped its leader, replacing him with a woman (also not of the Williams era) who would become the first female prime minister of the country.Raymond Ramcharitar treats the idea of creole as "a hybrid mixture, not European, not African, not Indigenous" that initially comprised "a large, free, Mixed-race group" (p.3).Notoriously absent from this picture of creole Trinidadians are the East Indian indentureds and their descendants, who today comprise the largest ethnic group in the country (35.4 percent), while the Africandescended come in a close second (34.2 percent).Along with the "Mixed-race group," the 2011 census puts the "mixed" population at 22.8 percent of the whole (p.5).But none of these groups is homogeneous in religious, political, and class terms.For along with caste divisions, Indians comprise Hindus, Muslims, and Christians, Blacks are Afrocentric, Christian, and Nation of Islam members, and all groups represent all social classes.These facts provoke several questions.What exactly is meant by the term "mixed race," which invites the contrasting idea of "pure race"?What constitutes racial purity?And why are Indians left out of the "creole" mix?Are Indians-their "double consciousness" (p.184) notwithstanding-not also subject to creolization?These questions lie at the heart of the contested creole space.For while creolization invokes both the biological and the social, biology speaks to the mixing of two or more bloodlines, the way mestizos and mulattos represent a New World coupling of White Europeans with Indigenous inhabitants and enslaved Africans.While the initial "mixing" colors all subsequent biological products in ever-expanding degrees, the notion of discrete biological "races" continues to be regarded as real by most social commentators.Social "mixing," alternatively, involves cultural, religious, and linguistic exchanges that over the years yield entirely new social, or creole, types.The mixing or blending is not always peaceful or seamless, for the creole space is a fraught space; one of resistance, triumph, surrender, and compromise.The process is unconscious-it sneaks up on a society and a people and feeds what Ramcharitar calls "the creole imaginary" (p.183).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".