Burying the Dead, Saving the Community Jewish Burial Societies as Informal Centres of Jewish Self-Government
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the emergence of the ḥevrah kadisha in eastern Europe within the general development of Jewish autonomy in early modern Europe and then shows how and why burial societies preserved their autonomy and their key position in the Jewish community far into the nineteenth century. To discuss this development, the chapter examines the case of the burial society in Praga, opposite Warsaw, on the eastern bank of the river Vistula. Unlike many other ḥevrot kadisha, this society was only founded in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Though the original pinkas of the burial society, which was kept from 1785 to 1870, has not survived. It was copied and provided with a Polish translation by H. Kirszenbaum and A. Fajner in 1911 and is kept today in the Central Archives of the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem, together with the much shorter pinkas from Warsaw from 1875 to 1905.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".