Erosion Resistant Hydrophobic Coatings for Passive Ice Protection of Aircraft
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Novel polymeric coatings, namely slippery polyurethane (SPU) coatings, with high surface hydrophobicity and superior erosion resistance against high speed solid particles and water droplets were successfully developed to protect the leading edge of fast moving aerodynamic structures, such as aircraft wings and rotor blades, against ice accretion. The coatings comprise newly synthesized surface-modifying polymers (SMPs) bearing fluorinated and polydimethylsiloxane branches at a loading level of 1–5 wt.%, based on the total resin solid, which showed good compatibility with the erosion-resistant polyurethane matrix (PU-R) and rendered effective surface hydrophobicity and slipperiness to the coatings, as evidenced by the high water contact angles of 100–115°. The coatings can be easily be sprayed or solution cast and cured at ambient temperature to provide highly durable thin coating films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation showed concentration of fluorine on the surface. The presence of 1–5 wt.% of SMPs in the polyurethane matrix slightly reduced the tensile modulus but had no significant impact on the tensile strength. All coating films exhibited good thermal stability with no material softening or degradation after heating at 121 °C for 24 h. DSC heating scans revealed no thermal transitions in the temperature range of −80 °C to 200 °C. Ice adhesion strength (IAS) tests using a static push rig in a cold room of −14 °C showed IAS as low as 220 kPa for the SPU coatings, which is much lower than that of PU-R (i.e., about 620 kPa). Sand erosion tests using 50 μm angular alumina particles at an impinging speed of 150 m/s and an impinging angle of 30° revealed very low erosion rates of ca. 100 μg/g sand for the coatings. Water droplet erosion tests at 175 m/s using 463 μm droplets with 42,000 impingements every minute showed no significant coating removal after 20 min of testing. The combination of the high surface hydrophobicity, low ice adhesion strength and superior erosion resistance makes the SPU coatings attractive for ice protection of aircraft structures, where the coatings’ erosion durability is of paramount importance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".