Choice of Pipe Material Influences Drain Spacing and System Cost in Subsurface Drainage Design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Highlights For 3- or 4-row regular-perforated pipes, the effective radius ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 cm (average 0.6 cm). For 8-row regular-perforated pipes, the effective radius was 1.9 cm. The effective radius of sock-wrapped pipes ranged from 5.7 to 6.0 cm (average 5.9 cm). The 8-row sand-slot pipes had a lower initial system cost than the sock-wrapped pipes. The 8-row regular-perforated pipes had a lower initial system cost than the 4-row regular-perforated pipes. Abstract. Knitted-sock envelopes are applied in agricultural subsurface drainage to prevent sediment clogging of the drain pipes. In the United States and Canada, sand-slot pipes are sometimes used as a cheaper alternative to sock-wrapped pipes. However, their initial system cost has not been compared. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pipe material on drain spacing and initial system cost. First, the theoretical effective radius of each pipe material was estimated. Then, the drain spacing was calculated for each pipe material in a drainage design, such that each pipe would provide the same design drainage rate (i.e., same water removal rate). The results showed that the effective radius of sock-wrapped pipes (average 5.9 cm) was much greater than that of 4-row (average 0.4 cm) and 8-row perforated sand-slot pipes (average 1.6 cm). Rows refer to number of longitudinal rows of perforations. The sock-wrapped pipes considerably increased the effective radius of the pipe by reducing the entrance head loss. Furthermore, the sock-wrapped pipes allowed for a wider drain spacing (ranging from 0.8 to 5.4 m wider) in soil with risk of drain sedimentation, thereby reducing the total length of the lateral drain pipe needed for drainage design compared to both 4- and 8-row sand-slot pipes. The 8-row regular-perforated pipes allowed for a wider optimum drain spacing, thereby reducing the initial system cost in soil without a drain sedimentation issue compared to 4-row regular-perforated pipes. In conclusion, even though the sock-wrapped pipe reduced the total length of the lateral drain pipe, the 8-row sand-slot pipe had a lower initial system cost compared to the sock-wrapped pipe, when designed at the same design drainage rate and drain depth. Keywords: Drain spacing, Effective radius, Entrance resistance, Geotextile, Knitted sock, Perforation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".