Numerical Modeling of Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Processes Related to Geothermal Heat Pump Operations in a Subarctic Climate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) are extensively used as a renewable energy technology worldwide. However, the use of GSHPs in cold regions remains challenging. Particularly, for a shallow GSHP system, the cyclic freezing and thawing conditions may cause considerable ground subsidence and have an impact on the stability of infrastructure. Very few studies were conducted to analyze the geo-risk of installation and operation of GSHPs in subarctic regions. In this paper, a fully coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical analysis is performed based on a finite element framework to investigate the geo-risk of ground subsidence due to the installation and operation of GSHPs. The modified Clausius-Clapeyron model is included in the modeling framework considering phase change of ice under freeze-thaw cycles. The nonlinear relations between ice saturation and hydro-mechanical properties of frozen soil have been implemented using experimental data from the literature. The numerical modeling tool is applied to the case study of a potential Canadian GSHP site in Umiujaq, northern Quebec, where the ground is composed of several meters of silt overlying the bedrock. 1. INRTODUCTION Over last decades, stabilizing the permafrost regions has been an important concern for geotechnical engineers, specially in regions where cycling freezing and thawing are encountered because of the global warming affecting infrastructure. Therefore, applying different stabilizing methods may be necessary in these regions to reduce the predicable geohazards. Recently, the development of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems has increased. Such systems operate with a renewable source and allows for energy storage. As solar energy is insufficient during the northern winter, GSHP systems are a potential avenue in subarctic regions as an alternative to store energy during summer and provide it in winter. With 44,561 inhabitants of Nord-du-Québec in 2016 living in villages in subarctic regions, there is a good potential to utilize the GSHP systems for heating to reduce the consumption of fuel usually shipped by boat(Gunawan et al., 2020).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".