Effect of glass waste as a cement replacement on the mechanical properties of concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Every day several tons of glass dispose as waste. Glass waste, as a non-degradable waste, causes many environmental problems. Using glass waste powder in concrete as a partial substitute for cement has notable effects on the reduction of environmental pollutants, energy consumption, and concrete production costs. In this study, the impact of using waste glass powder in levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% as a substitute for cement on the mechanical properties of concrete was evaluated. Chemical analysis of glass and cement samples was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The flexural and compressive strength of the samples were measured according to ISO 679, Methods of testing cement – Determination of strength, in 3, 7, 28, and 90 days. The results of the compressive strength test showed that the strength of concrete increases by the amount of used glass powder in the concrete composition. The highest value of compressive strength was obtained by the sample with 15 wt.% of glass powder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".