Bibliographic record
Abstract
The efforts to legitimize or to oppose the policies responses to COVID-19 have placed the concept of freedom at the center of the contemporary political arena.The article intends to contribute to the debate, by reconsidering a minor classic in modern political theory: Isaiah Berlin's lecture "Two concepts of Liberty".This Inaugural Lecture, delivered before the University of Oxford in 1958, as well as the subsequent pamphlet published eleven years afterwards, discuss the notion of Liberty by examining two conceptualizations: Negative Liberty and Positive Liberty.Berlin's reasoning is inspiring because it refers to a series of actual topics: the role of the state; the differentiation between right and left; the totalitarian and totalizing ideologies; neoliberalist anti-political culture; the state of exception and of absolute sovereignty: the calls to social responsibility.Berlin himself declared the aims of his reflections on liberty by stressing the importance of the comprehension of the emergence of the despotic regimes of the twentieth century.I will then present Berlin's discussion by reproposing an old article I wrote in 1979 when, as a young student at McGill University, I was eager to clarify the relationship between political narratives and experience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".