Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The question of race and the making of South African Christianity brings into conversation two-fluid ideas historically seen as rigid, the boundaries of which were defended with anxiety and cruel rigor throughout much of modern South African history. This essay discusses how South African Christianity was forged in the crucible of conflict that was often between groups seen as different “races,” how the racial identity and the state enforcement of racial identity shaped the social practice of Christianity, and how racial conflict was reflected in diverse conceptions of Christianity. At the same time, Christianity was mobilized across the lines of the race to a variety of ends, including attacking racism. The essay necessarily cuts across the boundaries of the nation, including both regional and transnational trends. Some specific topics covered include race and Christianity among white settlers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; labor and religious identity; the uses of Christianity by the dispossessed; missions and colonialism; religion and ethnogenesis; the development of African Christian communities; Ethiopianism and the revolt of Black preachers; the African Independent Church movement; and the use of Christianity both to defend and attack apartheid. I consider Christianity in terms of communities and institutions but also in terms of ideas, from prophetic beliefs to the defense of apartheid. The essay argues that diverse racialized communities helped create different forms of Christianity, just as debates about race and efforts to reach across racial divides were also critical defining features of South African Christianity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".