Plutarch in Early French Renaissance Public Humanism: Geoffroy Tory and Guillaume Budé
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Part II begins with Chapters 3 and 4 offering a study of the first printed vernacular translations of Plutarch’s work in French with special attention to political thought. After an initial discussion of the 1530 translation of Plutarch’s essay “Precepts of Statecraft” by the Royal Printer Geoffroy Tory (c. 1480–1533), a translation which invokes the French term of la chose publique in relation to Plutarch’s idea of politics, I explore Plutarch translations in the French context by scholars who went on to draft important treatises in political theory, namely Claude de Seyssel (1450–1520) and Guillaume Budé (1467–1540). I also explore some of Antoine du Saix’s (c. 1504–1579) translations of Erasmus’s (1466–1536) Latin translations of Plutarch’s Apophthegmata (or Sayings of Kings and Commanders), here shedding light on an important dialogue among these thinkers regarding the specific and unique nature of public life in reference to Plutarch’s work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".