Probing the role of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Nd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> ions in the weak multiferroic character of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>NdMn</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> by optical spectroscopies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Raman and infrared spectroscopies are used as local probes to study the dynamics of the Nd-O bonds in the weakly multiferroic ${\mathrm{NdMn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ system. The temperature dependence of selected Raman excitations reveals the splitting of the Nd-O bonds in ${\mathrm{NdMn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$. The ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ion crystal field (CF) excitations in ${\mathrm{NdMn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ single crystals are studied by infrared transmission as a function of temperature, in the $1800\ensuremath{-}8000\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ range, and under an applied magnetic field up to 11 T. The frequencies of all ${}^{4}{I}_{j}$ CF levels of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ are determined. We find that the degeneracy of the ground-state Kramers doublet is lifted (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}7.5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) due to the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interaction in the ferroelectric phase, below ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\sim}28\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ magnetic moment ${m}_{\mathrm{Nd}}(T)$ and its contribution to the magnetic susceptibility and the specific heat are evaluated from ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}(T)$ indicating that the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions are involved in the magnetic and the ferroelectric ordering observed below $\ensuremath{\sim}28\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The Zeeman splitting of the excited CF levels of the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions at low temperature is also analyzed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.424 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".