Probing the role of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Nd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> ions in the weak multiferroic character of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>NdMn</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> by optical spectroscopies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Raman and infrared spectroscopies are used as local probes to study the dynamics of the Nd-O bonds in the weakly multiferroic ${\mathrm{NdMn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ system. The temperature dependence of selected Raman excitations reveals the splitting of the Nd-O bonds in ${\mathrm{NdMn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$. The ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ion crystal field (CF) excitations in ${\mathrm{NdMn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ single crystals are studied by infrared transmission as a function of temperature, in the $1800\ensuremath{-}8000\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ range, and under an applied magnetic field up to 11 T. The frequencies of all ${}^{4}{I}_{j}$ CF levels of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ are determined. We find that the degeneracy of the ground-state Kramers doublet is lifted (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}7.5\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) due to the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interaction in the ferroelectric phase, below ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\sim}28\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ magnetic moment ${m}_{\mathrm{Nd}}(T)$ and its contribution to the magnetic susceptibility and the specific heat are evaluated from ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}(T)$ indicating that the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions are involved in the magnetic and the ferroelectric ordering observed below $\ensuremath{\sim}28\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The Zeeman splitting of the excited CF levels of the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions at low temperature is also analyzed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".