Transport and Logistics Demand: New Input from Large Surveys of Shipper in France
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Freight transport is closely linked to industrial and commercial activities and can be seen as a fully integrated element of the production process. Shipper production and logistic constraints play an important role in the choice of transport solutions. However, there is little statistical data on which to base an analysis of the relationship between transport and its production and logistics related determinants. For this reason two large national surveys were undertaken in France to provide us with new empirical data. The paper presents the methodological aspects of these surveys (the 1988 Shipper Survey and the 2004 ECHO Survey). The use of 'the shipment' as the measurement unit instead of the usual tonne or tonne-kilometre approach is one of the major innovations of these surveys which provide a new statistical insight. Another particularity is the tracking of the shipment and the identification of each transport leg and operator involved in the shipment. The whole transport chain is described, from both the physical and organizational standpoint. A selection of results, indicators and trends, is presented with a focus on the main changes that have occurred in recent years based on a comparison between the two datasets. Special attention is paid to the relationship between transport choices and the production characteristics of sites and the increasing spatial and temporal fragmentation of shipments which makes the choice of modes other than the road increasingly difficult.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".