A COMPARISON OF THE DECAY OF ENERGY IN THE WAKE OF FRACTAL AND CLASSICAL GRIDS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A square-fractal-element grid and two regular grids, all with the same blockage, are used to investigate how the produced turbulence differs. The square-fractal-element grid is made-up of a 12×8 array of small square fractals mounted to a background mesh. For a constant inlet Reynolds number, ReM, it is found that the turbulent kinetic energy powerlaw decay exponent is comparable for all three grids in the far-field, although the fractal-based grid produces an extended non-equilibrium region relative to the other two grids. The normalized dissipation, Cε, is found to be approximately described by ReM/ReL in the non-equilibrium region, becoming approximately constant in the far-field. A correlation is also found between Cε and normalized Reynolds stress, 〈uv〉 / u'v', across both the non-equilibrium region and the far-field. Finally, non-equilibrium and far-field spectra are compared at fixed Reλ across all three grids. It is found that the far-field spectra are reasonably collapsed for all three grids for a given Reλ. However, if a non-equilibrium spectrum at a location where 〈uv〉 ≠ 0 is compared at a given Reλ to a far-field spectrum where 〈uv〉 ~ 0, then the non-equilibrium spectrum is nearer to k−5/3. This result appears to be closely related to the existence of 〈uv〉 that is able to penetrate to scales associated with the scaling range.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it