DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A SQUARE JET EJECTED TRANSVERSELY INTO AN ACCELERATING, LAMINAR MAIN FLOW
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A direct numerical simulation of a square jet ejected transversely into a laminar boundary layer was performed at a jet-to-main-flow velocity ratio of 9.78 and a jet Reynolds number of 6330. The jet consisted of a single pulse with a duration equal to the time required for the jet fluid to travel 173 jet widths. A strongly-favorable streamwise pressure gradient was applied to the flat-plate flow and produced a freestream acceleration that is above the typical threshold required for relaminarization. The results of the simulation illustrate the effect of the favorable streamwise pressure gradient on the flowfield created by the transverse jet. The upwind shear layer of the jet is unstable to a Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instability and rolls-up into discrete shear-layer vortices. Vorticity from the jet shear layer accumulates near the corners of the jet and produces vertically-oriented vortex pairs near the upwind and downwind corners of the jet. The upwind pair couples with the shear-layer vortices to produce large, counter-rotating vortices in the freestream, while the downwind pair is unstable, and periodically produces hairpin-like vortices in the main-flow boundary layer and elongated, downwards-oriented vortices in the freestream behind the jet. The departure of the jet flowfield from that typically observed in transverse jets illustrates the effect of the favorable streamwise pressure-gradient on the flowfield created by the jet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".