Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract.—The Red River of the North basin (RRNB) has an area of about 287,000 square kilometers of the upper Midwestern United States and south-central Canada. The river forms the North Dakota–Minnesota boundary and flows into Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, and then, via the Nelson River, into Hudson Bay. While the Red River main stem remains a sinuous stream similar to early descriptions, the river’s watershed has been altered dramatically by intensive agriculture, wetland drainage, channelization of tributary streams, and dam construction. Early land surveys described a landscape largely covered by prairie and wetlands. However, thousands of kilometers of ditches have been excavated to drain wetlands for agriculture in the United States in the late 1800s to the 1920s, and continuing, in Canada, to the present. Over 500 dams have blocked access to critical spawning habitat in the basin starting in the late 1800s. Also, during the mid-1900s, many of the tributaries were channelized, causing the loss of several thousand stream kilometers. While much of RRNB’s fish assemblage remains similar to earliest historical records, the loss of the lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens is a notable change resulting from habitat loss and fragmentation, and overfishing. Additional localized extirpations of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, several redhorse Moxostoma species, sauger Sander canadensis, and other migratory fishes have occurred upstream of dams on several tributaries. Presently, efforts are underway to restore migratory pathways through dam removal, conversion of dams to rapids, and construction of nature-like fishways. Concurrently, lake sturgeon is being reintroduced in the hope that restored access to historic spawning areas will allow reestablishment of the species. Proposed construction of new flood control dams may undermine these efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".