Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter describes the events that conspired to create the opportunity for a reconsideration of emigration as a solution to the intensified social and economic problems of Britain in the late 1860s. Children came to be regarded as an especially appropriate group of candidates. Child-saving motives could be blended with the wish to see the poor rates relieved and society protected from the dangers of unbridled street-children. Abroad there were countries of the Empire whose economies had not yet reached the stage where there was sufficient capital or labour to introduce and establish the technology that in Britain was changing the economic position of the child and the family. A time lag existed between the economic development of countries like Canada and Britain. This created the practical possibility that the social problems surrounding poor and destitute children in Britain could be transformed into economic solutions in Canada. In many ways the passage across the Atlantic not only transported children to another country but also to an earlier period in their own country, when their toil represented an important element in the agricultural labour force.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.502 | 0.314 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".