HVOF and HVAF Coatings of Nano-Agglomerated Tungsten Carbide–Cobalt Powders for Water Droplet Erosion Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Water droplet erosion (WDE) is a well-known phenomenon. This type of erosion is due to the impingement of water droplets of several hundred microns to a few millimeters size at velocities of hundreds of meters per second on the edges and surfaces of components. The solution to this problem is in high demand especially for the moving blades of gas turbines’ compressors and those operating at the low-pressure (LP) end of steam turbines. Thermal sprayed tungsten carbide based coatings have been the focus of many studies and are industrially accepted for a multitude of wear and erosion resistance applications. The present work studies the microstructural, phase analysis and mechanical properties and their effects on water droplet erosion resistance of such coatings deposited with high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and high velocity air fuel (HVAF) processes. The feed nano-agglomerated tungsten carbide-cobalt powders are in either sintered or non-sintered conditions. The WDE tests were performed using 0.4 mm water droplets at 300 m/s impact velocity. The study shows promising results for this cermet (better than the Ti6Al4V bulk material) as WDE resistant coatings when deposited using HVOF or HVAF processes under optimum conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".