Seasonal turnover and insights into the overwintering biology of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Canadian Prairies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The long-lived terricolous larvae of click beetles, colloquially called wireworms, pose a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. Several economically important pest species have been documented in the Canadian Prairies, including Hypnoidus bicolor, Limonius californicus and Hypnoidus abbreviatus. However, most monitoring activities are performed in the early spring and there is evidence from other geographical regions of seasonal shifts in wireworm species composition and prevalence. Further, little is known about the overwintering physiology or behaviors of wireworms, which undoubtedly contribute to their population dynamics. RESULTS: We surveyed wireworm populations from four Manitoban fields six times throughout the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Both Hypnoidus species were active throughout the spring and summer; however, L. californicus did not become active until later in the spring. Chill-coma recovery assays indicated Hypnoidus species recovered quicker than L. californicus from cold acclimation. Vertical migration assays simulating progressively lower ambient temperatures experienced by overwintering larvae identified H. bicolor throughout the soil profile, with L. californicus preferentially found at cooler, shallower depths. We speculate that these differences in species distribution within the soil column are due to the higher levels of putative cryoprotectants (for example, trehalose, sorbitol, glucose, glycerol) in L. californicus, as identified by targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION: Our findings of a stark seasonal turnover in wireworm species prevalence and composition in the Canadian Prairies should be incorporated into future integrated pest management and surveillance activities. This study also advances our understanding of wireworm overwintering biology, which should be factored into current management approaches. © 2022 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada. Pest Management Science © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".