Exploring Learner Autonomy: Secondary School EFL Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices in the Saudi Context
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Learner autonomy is considered one of the fundamental factors leading to success in foreign language learning. This research study explored 76 Saudi secondary school EFL teachers’ beliefs and reported practices of learner autonomy. The English Language Teachers’ Beliefs about Learner Autonomy Questionnaire (Borg & Al-Busaidi, 2012a) was employed as the data collection tool. The results indicated that the teachers had positive perceptions of various features of learner autonomy. The findings also showed that while most teachers positively desired to implement learner autonomy principles in their teaching, they were less optimistic about the feasibility of developing these principles in practice. In addition, most of the teachers indicated that they offered their students opportunities to promote learner autonomy. However, the majority of the teachers did not view their students as autonomous. They identified four main factors that contributed to their perceptions of a lack of learner autonomy in their students: lack of motivation, students’ low proficiency in English, students’ overdependence on their teachers, and limited time allocated for teaching the syllabus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".