Formation of Sn/Zn alloy or core-shell nanoparticles via pulsed nanosecond discharges in liquid toluene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the exploration of new techniques for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, the possibility to exploit electrical discharges in liquid has arisen as an easy, high throughput and low-cost method. This technique of synthesis offers an extensive playground to produce a wide range of nanostructures with composition highly dependent on that of the electrode and of the liquid medium. Here, we demonstrate the formation of a Sn–Zn nanoalloy (particle diameter <10 nm) using electrical discharge between a Sn anode and a Zn cathode immersed in liquid toluene. Core/shell nanoparticles, with diameter between 12 and 20 nm, are also produced. These particles are composed of a Sn crystalline core and a shell made of Zn, Sn and O. A third class of particles was also found, although being rarer, constituted of large (hundreds of nm) Sn particles, with a thin Sn oxide shell. Detailed structural and chemical characterizations were accomplished via TEM and STEM imaging, as well as STEM-EDX analyses on the single nanoparticles and, considering the complex variety of phenomena taking place in in-liquid plasma, a plausible mechanism of synthesis is proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".