Oppositional Defiant Disorder and ADHD Symptoms as Predictors of Parenting Stress in Mothers of Sons With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience very heightened levels of parenting stress. Symptoms of ASD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) vary in children diagnosed with ASD. The current study examined ASD, ADHD, and ODD symptoms in an ASD sample through a hierarchical linear regression to determine which symptoms accounted for the greatest proportion of unshared variance in parenting stress. A total of 84 mothers of sons with ASD participated in an online survey. Findings showed that symptoms associated with ODD accounted for the largest proportion of unshared variance in parenting stress. Symptoms associated with ADHD and ASD did not account for any additional variance in parenting stress above and beyond that explained by ODD symptoms. Interventions for children with ASD should focus on reducing externalizing behaviors to reduce parenting stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".