Achieving traceability to UTC through GNSS measurements
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Coordinated universal time (UTC) is the international reference for time and frequency measurement, and the basis of civil timekeeping world-wide. The reception of signals from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) as a source of time and frequency (synchronization and syntonization) has found widespread use in virtually all user sectors, including electrical power supply, telecommunications, and financial institutions. This paper summarizes the concept of metrological traceability and the practices employed in the time and frequency metrology community for achieving it. Practical steps are proposed to ensure that traceability to UTC from GNSS signal reception is available to a wide community of users, addressing different levels of required uncertainty in time and frequency offset from UTC. We suggest some practical measures that can be followed by users, and improvements to the services provided by National Metrology Institutes (NMIs).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it