Bibliographic record
Abstract
F rom the tragic confrontation of Th omas Becket and Henry II to the great ecclesiastical crisis precipitated by Henry VIII's divorce, the issue of religion and authority, and the rivalry between spiritual and secular power, has been one of the defi ning themes of the European past and a critical dynamic shaping the continent's culture and society from the High Middle Ages to the early modern period.Th is familiar theme, though, has been examined primarily from a Western perspective.It has been chiefl y a story of the struggles and confl icts of English kings, French princes, Italian popes, and the occasional German emperor.Th e present volume is the result of two conferences dedicated to this topic in the Central European context.Th e fi rst, attended by more than a dozen scholars, was held at the Center for Austrian Studies at the University of Minnesota; and another group gathered some months later for the second at the Wirth Institute for Austrian and Central European Studies at the University of Alberta.Th e two teams of historians discussed diff erent aspects of the larger problem.Th ose who met in Minnesota focused on the political and social challenges that have faced church and state in Central Europe.For generations, scholars have found the complicated nature of governance in both the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth a frequently vexing area of study.In the seventeenth century a frustrated Samuel Pufendorf called the empire a monstrosity, while in Poland an entire series of foreign-born kings never truly understood the administrative structure of the polity they were elected to rule.Th e discussants in Minnesota readily acknowledged the diffi culties of examining a region where authority was diff use, with competing centers of power and overlapping webs of secular and spiritual jurisdiction.Treading carefully across this complex terrain, they examined the practical workings of religious politics from the lofty altitude of the imperial court down to the micro-level of the village council.In Edmonton, attention shifted to intellectual and theological concerns.Th e religious world of Central Europe was heterogeneous and multi-polar.In Poland
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.129 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".