Ethological and Physiological Harmful Effects of Metformin, An Antidiabetic Used to Treat Type 2-Diabetes: A Study on Ants as Biological Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metformin is a drug mainly used for caring of persons suffering from type 2-diabetes. Over time, it was found to be efficient for treating others illness. Its use increasing, it is nowadays the second active pharmaceutical ingredient more present pollutant in natural water. It could therefore affect the biology of the aquatic fauna through harmful physiological effects. Using ants as biological models, we studied the potential physiological and ethological adverse effects of Metformin. We found that it largely reduced or impacted these insects’ food intake, activity, audacity, social relationships, state of stress, cognition, and learning abilities. No adaptation and no habituation to the effects of Metformin were observed, and ants developed some dependence on its consumption. After weaning, the effect of Metformin became significantly lower than its initial one as soon as after four hours and fully vanished in a total of 13 hours. Metformin could thus harmfully impact the freshwater fauna rich in insect species, especially if chronic exposures occur. As regards patients treated with Metformin, our study suggests that they may suffer from side effects not mentioned in the drug notice. For instance, they may develop dependence and increase their daily dose, accentuating so the drug side effects, e.g., they may suffer from anorexia. Practitioners should know the side effects of Metformin and monitor patients as for their occurrence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".