Bibliographic record
Abstract
Non-profit organizations have been an indelible feature of urban life in Canada since at least the nineteenth century. They have also, since the 1970s, come to rely heavily on state funding from all three levels of government. Yet scholarship on how the state has used its spending power to shape the non-profit sector is entirely focussed on provincial and federal policy. In part, this reflects the immense obstacles to collecting historical data on municipal funding. This article provides a methodology for collecting data on municipal funding for the non-profit sector. It is based on a study of 25 municipalities in British Columbia. For historians, this type of research offers unique insights into the policies and politics of municipal governance; the diversity of Canada’s non-profit sector; how urban communities have changed over time; the shifting dynamics in the relationship between the state and civil society; and how local governments use their spending power to shape the non-profit sector. It provides an opportunity to better understand the emergence a network of organizations that makes possible modern urban life.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.039 | 0.034 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".