Efficacy of an Intra-articular Ozone Injection for Chronic Knee Pain Due to Osteoarthritis.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting an estimated 302-million people worldwide, and it's a leading cause of disability among older adults. Current treatments for OA are largely unsatisfactory. Ozone is an inexpensive, accessible, and easily applicable treatment for OA. Objective: The study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the effects of a short-term, three-month OA treatment using an intra-articular ozone injection, on pain and physical function in patients with stage 2-3 knee OA. Design: The research team designed the study as a retrospective review of files from a hospital's archive as well as the results of a follow-up questionnaire about pain that patients completed at a related clinic. Setting: The study took place at the Algology Clinic at Ankara University in Ankara, Turkey. Participants: Participants were 94 patients, aged between 28 and 75 years, with stage 2-3 OA who had applied to the clinic between January 1, 2018 and January 1, 2020 and had received an intra-articular ozone injection. Intervention: Participants received intra-articular ozone treatments at a dose of 10 ml at 15 mcg/ml for 4 weeks, once a week. Outcome Measures: Participants completed a visual analogue score (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), measuring pain at baseline and at one month and at 3 months postintervention. The study also determined if the treatment had an effect on analgesic drug use and measured patient satisfaction. Results: The decreases in participants' pain scores on both scales were statistically significant at one month and at 3 months postintervention (P = .000). The need for analgesic medication had decreased for 56 participants (61.5%) at one month postintervention and for 50 (54.9%) at 3 months postintervention. Of the 94 participants, 66 (70.2%) were satisfied and 28 (29.8) weren't. Conclusions: The intra-articular injection of ozone, applied once a week for 4 weeks, resulted in a reduction in pain in stage 2-3 knee OA, without any side effects. However, further studies are needed to resolve the uncertainties in dosage, number of sessions, and intervals for intra-articular ozone injections. The current study's results need support from further prospective studies that can evaluate the efficacy of ozone treatment for a longer period of time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".