Room-temperature photodeposited amorphous VOx hole-transport layers for organic devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hole-transport layers (HTL) are an integral part of optoelectronic devices such as organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). A class of materials commonly used as HTLs are metal oxides because they have high transparency and stability. These metal oxides are, however, often made using techniques that are not conducive to large-scale fabrication, a challenge thatmust be resolved for thewidespread adoption of these devices. In this work, we demonstrate the use of a room-temperature, ambient photochemical deposition route to formvanadium oxide films. We show, using a combination of X-ray absorption and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies, that the VOx film consist of V2O5, but with significant amount of V4+ present. These films are initially created amorphous and become nanocrystalline after annealing in air at a temperature of 250 ◦C. After incorporating these VOx thin films as HTLs in both OPV and OLED devices, we surprisingly find this increase in crystallinity does not translate in improvement in device performance. All devices performsimilarly to – or better – than control devices using PEDOT:PSS as an HTL.We furthermore demonstrate that these films are not affected by the operation of these devices, and that the technique can be employed in combination with slot-die coating printing techniques. This work provides an easily upscaled, low-temperature method for depositing metal-oxide HTL layers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".