Thiol-Based Probe Linker with Antifouling Properties for Aptasensor Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surfaces with antifouling properties are critical for optimizing biosensors to improve the selectivity and specificity of analyte detection in complex biological samples. This work describes the four-step synthesis of 3-dithiothreitol propanoic acid (DTTCOOH), a new antifouling thiol linker that (a) significantly reduces fouling of raw human serum samples and (b) binds amino receptors via its terminal carboxylic acid group. DTTCOOH was successfully functionalized on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) discs and used to anchor penicillin-binding aptamers. Relative to bare and coated (11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and 1-undecanethiol (UDT)) QCM crystals, DTTCOOH’s antifouling improved by approximately 75–86%. Following aptamer/ethanolamine extension, the modified DTTCOOH layer reduced serum fouling by approximately 95–97% compared to bare and coated (MUA, UDT) crystals. QCM with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring, contact goniometry, and cyclic voltammetry techniques were used to compare the DTTCOOH surfaces with quartz crystals functionalized with hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".