A realist review of programs for siblings of children who have an intellectual/developmental disability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objective Our purpose is to answer the following question: What mechanisms or components of programs, groups, or interventions improve psychological and social aspects of the lives of siblings of children who have intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDD)? Secondly, using a realist review format, we develop program theories and recommendations that can guide current and future sibling support programs. Background There is evidence that having a sibling with IDD can affect the physical health, behavior, and mental health of siblings who do not have IDD. As a result, support programs have been developed for these nondisabled siblings. Methods We conducted a realist review of 31 studies assessing support programs for siblings of children with IDD. Gray literature was also included. Applying the realist paradigm, we identified program contexts, mechanisms that promote program effectiveness, and the outcomes of the programs. Results We found that contextual information was often lacking in the research and no studies examined the effectiveness of individual program components. However, the mechanisms of validation of feelings and experiences, time with parents, and respite were observed as beneficial for the siblings. From our analysis and using a realist review paradigm, we developed four program theories that reflect the siblings' experiences in the various programs. Conclusion The four program theories derived from this realist review can be summarized as “I am not the only one,” “I have needs too,” “I need my parents' attention,” and “I need a break.” Implications Based upon the four theories, we offer recommendations to guide program development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.029 | 0.110 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.016 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".