Subcontracted Migrant Labour and Just-in-time Retail Chain Requirements: A Qualitative Research on the Bagged Salad Commodity System in Northern Italy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article focuses on the commodity system of the ready-to-eat bagged salad in Italy, and in particular on the transformations in labour organization and labour relationships in processing plants in the Lombardy Region. Here, the most part of employees are migrant workers, especially of Indian origin. Our analysis concerns three main points. First, a relevant part of the labour operations in processing plants are outsourced to smaller manufacturers or subcontracted to workers’ cooperatives, which mainly employ migrant workers, with the aim of reducing labour costs and reaching a greater production flexibility. Second, labour organization and working shifts are explicitly organized to meet retail chains’ just-in-time requirements. Third, some trade unions officers act as mediators between management and migrant workers in defining labour organization in the processing plants. The field study is based upon thirty-eight in-depth interviews with actors at all the levels of this commodity chain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".