Comparative study of galaxy clustering using halo approximation and mean-field theory in the light of modified theories of gravity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this manuscript, we have explored the large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe using the halo approximation of galaxies and the mean-field (mean-field approximation) theory of galaxy clusters. Employing the modified gravitational potential, which relies on Boltzmann’s statistics, we have analyzed the effect of galaxy clusters on the large-scale structure of the Universe. With both of these approximations, we have observed the significance of the modified potential. Also, the gravitational partition function obtained from the applied approximations has been used to determine the thermodynamic properties of these galaxy clusters. Besides this, the impact of these approximations on the derived quantities, such as Helmholtz free energy, entropy, internal energy, pressure, and chemical potential, was observed and is also evident from their respective plots along with their distribution functions. Importantly, the divergence of configurational integrals has been removed through the said approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".