Polygenic Effects on the Z Chromosome Underlie Hybrid Incompatibility in <i>Papilio</i> and <i>Heliconius</i> Butterflies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The fitness of animal hybrids follows two empirical rules: hybrids of the heterogametic sex aremore unfit (Haldane’s Rule), and the sex chromosome is disproportionately involved in incompatibility (the large-X/Z effect). Whether these rules result from genetic mechanisms shared across taxa remains unknown, and existing explanations rarely consider female heterogametic taxa such as butterflies. Here, we investigate hybrid incompatibilities in Papilio and Heliconius butterflies, and show that defects coincide with unbalanced introgression between the Z chromosome and its genetic background. This polygenic mechanism predicts both rules because introgressed ancestry on the Z chromosome is more skewed in females, and is more variable than on all autosomes. Therefore, the explanation for both rules in butterflies shares little similarity with prevailing theories relying on dominance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".