Numerical Investigation of Temperatures in Ultra-Large Off-the-Road Tires Under Operating Conditions at Mine Sites
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study is to conduct a numerical investigation to examine the temperatures in off-the-road (OTR) tires under operating conditions at mine sites. To achieve this, a new mathematical equation was developed based on a modified Mooney–Rivlin (MR) strain energy function, the pseudo-elasticity theory, and the inverse analysis method. This equation was used to determine the internal heat generation rates of tire rubbers. With heat generation rates, the governing equation of heat conduction and the mathematical expression of boundary conditions were further generated to describe the heat transfer in tire rubbers. Based on these equations, a novel finite element (FE) OTR tire thermal (OTRTire-T) model was developed. This OTRTire-T model was used to numerically investigate temperatures in OTR tires at vertical loads from 0.34 to 1.04 MN, hauling speeds from 5 to 30 km/h, and ambient temperatures from −30 to 40 °C. The results showed that a large vertical load (e.g., 1.04 MN) increased the tire rubber temperatures considerably. Tire rubber temperature also increased with an increase in hauling speeds, and the increase became more significant at larger vertical loads (e.g., 1.04 MN). The OTRTire-T model identified an inverse proportional relationship between the rubber temperature increments and the ambient temperatures from −30 to 40 °C. Nonetheless, the rubber temperature in the OTR tire increased relatively rapidly with an increase in ambient temperatures.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it