Whole-Heart Assessment of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in the Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Approximately 10% of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) include Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Fortunately, due to advanced surgical techniques, most patients survive until adulthood. However, these patients require frequent monitoring for postoperative complications leading to heart hemodynamic alterations. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), as derived from 4D-flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D-flow MRI), has been used to characterize abnormal heart hemodynamics in CHD. Hence, this study aimed to assess the difference in TKE between patients with repaired TOF (rTOF) and healthy volunteers. A total of 35 subjects, 17 rTOF patients and 18 controls, underwent standard-of-care cardiac MRI and research 4D-flow MRI using a clinical 3T scanner. Heart chambers and great vessels were segmented using 3D angiograms derived from 4D-flow MRI. The TKE was quantified within segmented volumes. TKE was compared to standard cardiac MRI metrics. Controls demonstrated higher TKE in the left atria and left ventricle. However, patients demonstrated higher TKE in the right atria, right ventricle (p < 0.05), and pulmonary artery. Lastly, no correlation was observed between TKE and standard clinical measurements. TKE can be a key indicator of the abnormal hemodynamics present in patients with rTOF and can assist future interventions and help monitor long-term outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".