Impact of the Open Charge Point Protocol Between the Electric Vehicle and the Fast Charging Station on the Cybersecurity of the Smart Grid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyber-physical security is becoming an important issue within the smart grid. The growth in sales of the electric vehicles (EVs) dictates the need for high-power fast charging stations (HP-FCS). The operation and control of such HP-FCS requires the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT), which makes such critical infrastructure prone to cyber-attacks and hence compromising the charging of the EVs in particular when operating in vehicle-to-grid mode. In Canada, the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) is considered one of the most popular protocols used in HP-FCS. This charging protocol does not include built-in security measures against cyberattacks and hence it may represent an access point to the unauthorized users. In this paper, potential threats against HP-FCS that uses the OCPP are demonstrated through the cyberattacks applied to microgrid equipped with distributed renewable energy resources. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how to implement a cyber-attack on such a microgrid when operating in an islanded mode while investigating the impact of such cyberphysical attacks on its components.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".