Highly efficient ultra-broad beam silicon nanophotonic antenna based on near-field phase engineering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical antennas are a fundamental element in optical phased arrays (OPA) and free-space optical interconnects. An outstanding challenge in optical antenna design lies in achieving high radiation efficiency, ultra-compact footprint and broad radiation angle simultaneously, as required for dense 2D OPAs with a broad steering range. Here, we demonstrate a fundamentally new concept of a nanophotonic antenna based on near-field phase-engineering. By introducing a specific near-field phase factor in the Fraunhofer transformation, the far-field beam is widened beyond the diffraction limit for a given aperture size. We use transversally interleaved subwavelength grating nanostructures to control the near-field phase. A Bragg reflector is used at the end of the grating to increase both the efficiency and the far-field beam width. The antenna has a compact footprint of 3.1 µm × 1.75 µm and an ultra-broad far-field beam width of 52° and 62° in the longitudinal and transversal direction, respectively, while the radiation efficiency reaches 82% after incorporating a bottom reflector to further improve the directionality. This unprecedented design performance is achieved with a single-etch grating nanostructure in a 300-nm SOI platform.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".