Influence of Hot Top Height on Macrosegregation and Material Yield in a Large-Size Cast Steel Ingot Using Modeling and Experimental Validation
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of the hot top height on the formation of positive and negative macrosegregation patterns, the ingot quality, and the material yield during solidification of a 12 MT cast ingot made of a Cr-Mo-low alloy steel was investigated. A 3D numerical simulation of the process was conducted using finite element modeling. A full-size 12 MT ingot was cut off from its center in the longitudinal direction, and a large cross-section was sliced into small samples. The chemical mapping of all the elements in the steel composition was obtained for all samples and compared with the model predictions for validation purposes. The influence of the increase in hot top height on the liquid metal velocity field, size and shape of vortexes, cooling rate of the liquid, and liquidus temperature was determined. Results revealed that increasing the hot top height by 165 mm increased the solidification time, fluid velocity in regions including the hot top and ingot bottom, and decreased the local liquidus temperature. The combination of all the above resulted in an overall decrease in positive and negative macrosegregation of more than 6% and an increase in ingot quality. The results are interpreted based on the interactions between the transport of solute and heat coupled with the flow driven by thermo-solutal convection and shrinkage-induced flow.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it