Global Terrestrial Water Storage Reconstruction Using Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Functions (1979–2020)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Terrestrial water storage (TWS) anomalies derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission have been useful for several earth science applications, ranging from global earth system science studies to regional water management. However, the relatively short record of GRACE has limited its use in understanding the climate-driven interannual-to-decadal variability in TWS. Targeting these timescales, we used the novel method of cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions (CSEOFs) and the common modes of variability of TWS with precipitation and temperature to reconstruct the TWS record of 1979–2020. Using the same common modes of variability, we also provide a realistic, time-varying uncertainty estimate of the reconstructed TWS. The interannual variability in the resulting TWS record is consistent in space and time, and links the global variations in TWS to the regional ones. In particular, we highlight improvements in the representation of ENSO variability when compared to other available TWS reconstructions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".