Effect of very high dose rates on the radiolysis of supercritical water at 400 °C and 25 MPa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monte Carlo multitrack chemistry simulations were used in combination with a cylindrical, “instantaneous pulse” irradiation model to study the effect of high dose rates on the early, transient yields ( G values) of the “primary products” ([Formula: see text], H • , H 2 , • OH, H 2 O 2 , H 3 O + , OH − , …) of the radiolysis of supercritical water (SCW) at 400 °C and 25 MPa pressure. Our simulation model consisted of randomly irradiating SCW with single pulses of N incident 300-MeV protons, which mimic the low linear energy transfer of 60 Co γ/fast electron irradiations. The effect of dose rate was studied by varying N. Generally, high dose rates were found to favor radical–radical reactions, which increases the proportion of the molecular products at the expense of the radical products. However, as an exception, G(H • ) increases with increasing dose rate in the track stage of radiolysis, predominantly due to the reaction of hydrated electrons with hydronium ions (H 3 O + ). In addition, the generation of acidic spikes due to proton transfer reactions in the physicochemical stage was also examined. Interestingly, an early, transient, very acidic (pH ∼ 3.5) response was observed at high radiation dose rates across the entire irradiated volume. The present work raises the question of whether the potential oxidizing species • OH and H 2 O 2 and these highly acidic pH spikes at high dose rates could promote a corrosive environment under proposed Generation IV SCW-cooled reactor or small modular reactor operating conditions that would lead to progressive degradation of materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".