Fault Rupture of Pipeline with Cured-in-Place Pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An approximately 36-ft (11-m)-long, five-piece section of a ductile iron (DI) pipeline was lined with ALTRA Proven Water Solutions, formerly known as Aqua-Pipe Generation 2 and tested in fault rupture at the Cornell Lifelines Large-Scale Testing Facility. The pipeline had a total of four joints located 5 ft and 15 ft (1.5 m and 3.6 m) north and south of the fault. The test basin was displaced until the full 4-ft (1.2-m) of actuator travel. The lined pipeline maintained its integrity and water pressure of 81.3 psi (561 kPa) throughout the test. Pipeline extension was accommodated by longitudinal movement at the joints, with maximum movement measured at 14.0 in. (356 mm) at the joint closet to the southern side of the fault. Maximum north joint rotation closest to the fault was about 14.0°. The measured and theoretical rotations are in good agreement. The pipeline was able to accommodate a maximum average 30.85 in. (784 mm) of axial extension, corresponding to average tensile strain of 6.15% along the pipeline. No loss of water pressure or structural failure of the lined pipeline occurred. Axial extension during the test is large enough to accommodate the great majority (over 99%) of liquefaction-induced tensile ground strains measured by high resolution LiDAR after each of four major earthquakes during the recent Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) in Christchurch, NZ.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".