Seismic Fragility Assessment of Seismic Isolated Bridges in Cold Climates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seismic isolation has been extensively used around the world for seismic protection of structures. Several high seismic regions around the world experience seasonal freezing that can drastically alter isolation bearing properties and structural response under earthquake loads. Under subfreezing temperature, mechanical properties of bearings are affected as well as the properties of concrete and steel reinforcement. The objective of this study is to evaluate the seismic performance of a base isolated bridge equipped with Friction Pendulum System and Lead Rubber Bearing located in extreme cold climate. Considering the change in mechanical properties of isolation bearings such as, shear stiffness, yield strength, and friction coefficient, due to temperature change, the seismic performance of isolated bridges is evaluated. Detailed nonlinear three-dimensional finite element models of the isolated bridges considering the material properties at cold temperature are developed. Finally, fragility curves are developed for seismic vulnerability assessment of isolated bridges at subfreezing temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".