Causes and Effects of the November 2021 Pacific Northwestern Floods in British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Global warming can result in high frequency in precipitation in some areas, and as a result of high precipitation, floods may occur more frequently and may cause more damage to urban areas. The Pacific Northwestern Flooding event that happened between November 14, 2021, to December 17, 2021, is a series of recent flooding events, and it can reasonably be the most expensive flooding event in British Columbia history. This study used QGIS tools to analyze the topographical characteristics of Vancouver in contribution to the severity of the floods. This study also organized reports on the infrastructure, population, and economic impacts of the floods in British Columbia, where Vancouver settled. Results show that Vancouver is generally low in altitude, with some areas in pot shape, making it easy for floods to invade. There was also an increase in rainfall frequency in Vancouver in the past 50 years, which aided the severity of floods. The flooding event in British Columbia has led to transportation damages, fatalities and injuries, and economic losses. Some suggestions for urban planning and administration in conscious of the presence of more severe flooding events are proposed such as comprehensive emergency management program.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".