Passive Tracer Modelling at Super-Resolution with WRF-ARW to Assess Mass-Balance Schemes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Accurate "super-resolution'' (Δx < 250 m) atmospheric modelling is useful for several different sectors (e.g., renewable energy, natural disaster prediction), and essential for numerous applications such as downscaling of weather and climate information to finer resolutions. It can also be used to interpret environmental observations during top-down retrieval campaigns by providing complementary data that closely correspond to real-world atmospheric pollution transport and dispersion conditions. In top-down retrievals (e.g., aircraft-based), errors in estimates can arise from assumptions about atmospheric dispersion conditions, uncertainties in measurements, and data processing. As discussed in this work and in our companion paper (Fathi and Gordon, 2022), super-resolution numerical model simulations can be utilized to investigate these sources of uncertainty and optimize the retrievals. In order to conduct a thorough model-based study of the atmospheric dynamical processes that can affect top-down retrievals, model simulations at super-resolutions on the scale of measurement frequency are required: sufficient to resolve the dynamical and turbulent processes at the scale at which measurements are conducted. Here, in the context of our modelling case studies with WRF, we demonstrate a series of best practices for improved (realistic) modelling of atmospheric pollutant dispersion at super-resolutions. These include careful considerations for grid quality over complex terrain, sub-grid TKE parameterization at the scale of large eddies, and ensuring local and global tracer mass-conservation. For this work, super-resolution (Δx ≤ 100 m, Δt ≤ 1 s) model simulations with Large-Eddy-Simulation sub-grid scale parameterization were developed and implemented using WRF-ARW. The objective was to resolve small dynamical processes inclusive of spatio-temporal scales of high-speed (e.g., 100 m/s) airborne measurements. This was achieved by down-scaling of reanalysis data from 31.25 km to 50 m through multi-domain model nesting in the horizontal and grid-refining in the vertical. Further, WRF dynamical-solver source code was modified to simulate passive-tracer emissions within the finest resolution domain. Different meteorological case studies and several tracer emission sources were considered. Model-generated fields were evaluated against observational data and also in terms of tracer mass-conservation. Results indicated model performance within 5 % of observational data in terms of sea level pressure, temperature and humidity, and agreement within one standard deviation between modelled and observed wind fields. Model performance in terms of tracer mass conservation was within 2 % to 5 % of model input emissions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".