Measurement of earth pressure at-rest with inclined backfill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the earth pressure at-rest behind a retaining wall, the research group at the National Chiao Tung University designed and constructed a non-yielding model wall facility. Air-dry Ottawa sand was used as a backfill material. Earth pressure experiments with inclined backfill were conducted. Inclination angles of the backfill ranged from minus 20 to plus 20 degrees. Based on the test results, it was found that the backfill placement method had a strong influence on the earth pressure at-rest. Hendron’s theory provides a good estimation of the earth pressure against a non-yielding wall filled with sandy soil. The pressure coefficient increment ΔK o,h increased with increasing slope angle i of the backfill. Experimental 6-Ko, h values were in fairly good agreement with the elastic solution for positive backfill inclinations. However, the elastic solution tended to underestimate the 6-Ko, h values for backfill with negative sloping angles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".