Hypothalamic vasopressin sex differentiation is established during embryonic neurogenesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a conserved sexually dimorphic system regulating behaviors and physiologies. Decades of research concludes that AVP sex differentiation in mice occurs around birth when a gonadal surge of testosterone is converted to estrogen in male sexual dimorphic brain regions. We discovered that AVP neurons in the murine hypothalamus are sexually dimorphic much earlier than this surge, with male mice displaying more AVP neurons than females during neurogenesis at E11. In utero exposure to a pan-ER antagonist blocked AVP masculinization in males, whereas embryonic exogenous 17β-estradiol or xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA) masculinized female AVP neurons, causing permanent masculinization effects on adult female AVP cell numbers, projections and intrinsic neuronal properties. Our data reveal that sexual dimorphism of hypothalamic AVP neurons is present from the earliest stages of their differentiation and challenges current dogma that masculinization of the male brain occurs around birth. One-Sentence Summary Sexual dimorphism of hypothalamic vasopressin is established during neurogenesis and exposure to the xenoestrogen bisphenol A during pregnancy induces masculinization of female brains
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".