A Novel, Membrane Free Redox Battery Design Using Organic/Inorganic Redox Pair in Aqueous System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasing demand to decarbonize the power grid is driving the development of low cost, sustainable and stable energy storage media. Redox flow batteries (RFB) have always been a strong candidate owing to their easy scalability, long cycle life and versatility. Modular design of RFB’s allows better control on energy and power density and many components of this battery, such as the electrolyte, ion-exchange membrane, and bipolar plates can be modified to better utilize the chemical energy stored in redox species [1]. The current state-of-the-art RFB uses vanadium electrolytes with Nafion as an ion-exchange membrane. However, the vanadium system has a limited energy density (around 35 Wh/L), limited availability and has electrolyte cross-over issues. Research in RFBs has been shifting towards redox-active aqueous-organic-based electrolytes consisting of Earth-abundant elements (C, H, O, N, S, F etc.), accommodating the need for green, safe, and low-cost energy storage [3]. Organic-based RFBs with energy densities over 100 Wh/L have been demonstrated [4]. However, studies show that the electrolyte cross-over issues limits organic RFBs as well. Finding a compatible ion-exchange membrane with long cycle life is a challenge that has impeded the growth of RFB in commercial markets for decades [4]. This research work proposes an aqueous-organic-electrolyte-based, membrane-free electrochemical cell to help eliminate membrane clogging issues. Our previous work has shown the proof of concept – a membrane free auxiliary electrode-based cell working for over one hundred cycles [5]. The auxiliary electrode setup enables high-energy-dense organic electrolytes and cells with one or two traditional compartments (catholyte, anolyte) can be employed. We believe this emerging membrane free design which still requires attention on fundamental scientific issues, can provides new opportunities for high-energy batteries for the future. References [1] Perry, Mike L., and Adam Z. Weber. "Advanced Redox-Flow Batteries: A Perspective.” Journal Of the Electrochemical Society, vol 163, no. 1, 2015, pp. A5064-A5067. The Electrochemical Society, https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0101601jes . [2] Sánchez-Díez, Eduardo et al. "Redox Flow Batteries: Status and Perspective Towards Sustainable Stationary Energy Storage". Journal Of Power Sources, vol 481, 2021, p. 228804. Elsevier BV, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228804 . [3] Fischer, Peter et al. "Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review". Molecules, vol 27, no. 2, 2022, p. 560. MDPI AG, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020560 . [4] Poizot, Philippe et al. "Opportunities and Challenges for Organic Electrodes in Electrochemical Energy Storage". Chemical Reviews, vol 120, no. 14, 2020, pp. 6490-6557. American Chemical Society (ACS), https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00482 . [5] Venkatesan, S., Karan, K., Larter, S. and Thangadurai, V., 2020. An auxiliary electrode mediated membrane-free redox electrochemical cell for energy storage. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 4(5), pp.2149-2152, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SE00734B .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".