(Digital Presentation) Aqueous Zn Batteries and Capacitors Working Under Extreme Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-based energy storage devices hold great promise for grid-level energy storage yet are challenged by dendritic growth and low Coulombic efficiency under both normal and extreme conditions. In the past years, we have developed Zn batteries and capacitors working under extreme conditions through engineering electrode, electrolyte, and binder. The first project is the development of Zn-free polymer anode that enables ultrafast rates (100 A g -1 ), ultralong life (1 million cycles), and ultrahigh-loadings (50 mg cm -2 ) through DFT calculation, polymer preparation, and electrolyte optimization. The optimal polymer possesses suitable electronic structure and a large π-conjugated structure and its storage mechanism involves reversible Zn 2+ /proton co-storage at the carbonyl site. The polymer-based full cells demonstrate ultrahigh power densities and ultralong lifespans, far surpassing those of corresponding Zn-metal-based devices. The second project is the making of ultrafast, stable, high-loading and wide-temperature zinc ion supercapacitors through the incorporation of activated carbon (AC), aqueous binder, and concentrated electrolyte. AC exhibits large surface area, hierarchical porous structures, and abundant heteroatom dopants, aqueous binder enhances electrode-electrolyte wettability enabling high-mass-loading electrode, and concentrated electrolyte gives high Zn stripping/plating efficiency, high ionic conductivity as well as suppressed hydrogen bonding interaction in water realizing ultralow frozen temperature. Three keys combined unlock unprecedented ZICs with a large capacitance of 436 F g −1 (capacity: 200 mAh g −1 ), ultrahigh rate up to 200 Ag −1 , ultralong cycles (0.3 million), ultrahigh loadings (10 mg cm −2 ) under lean electrolyte (8.8 µL mg −1 ), and wide-temperature operation (-60∼60 °C), leading to a maximal energy density of 134.8 Wh kg −1 and power density of 118.4 kW kg −1 . A proton/Zn 2+ ion co-interaction mechanism was revealed in the AC electrode. With low cost and extreme functionalities, this work opens an avenue towards practical supercapacitors beyond normal conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".