Thermal Characterization of Phase Change Materials by Differential Scanning Calorimetry: A Review
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of phase change materials (PCMs) in thermal energy storage (TES) applications as a system that can fill the gap between the energy supply and demand has sharply increased over recent years. Due to the dependence of the storage capacity in a TES on the transition (mostly solid/liquid) of PCMs, knowing the thermal properties of PCMs is of high importance. Calorimetric methods have an inevitable role in PCMs’ characterization methods. The most important properties of PCMs that lead us to integrate them in a specific application can be determined by the calorimetric method. These properties are transition temperatures, the enthalpy of transition and the heat capacity. Among the calorimetric methods, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is widely available and accurate results can be obtained at a reasonable cost. Furthermore, the thermal stability of PCMs can be determined after a hundred cycles of melting and solidification. The present work proposes an extensive and comprehensive review on calorimetric measurements of PCMs via the DSC method. The objective is to highlight the relevant research with a focus on DSC characterization of PCMs. This review includes studies from 1999 to 2022 and provides a summary of the methods, results and recommendations for future measurements.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it