Direct Evidence for Dextral Shearing in the Shanxi Graben System: Geologic and Geomorphologic Constraints From the North Liulengshan Fault
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Shanxi Graben System (SGS) is one of the first‐order Cenozoic tectonic features in North China. Understanding the kinematics of this tectonic system is crucial for deciphering the mechanism of continental rifting and the deformation pattern across North China. Although the SGS has long been thought to be a right‐lateral, transtensional shear zone, the geologic and geomorphologic evidence for dextral strike‐slip along its internal faults was slim and even controversial. Field investigations, interpretations of satellite imagery, and construction of decimeter‐scale digital elevation models from unmanned aerial vehicle surveys were used in this work to investigate the tectonic geomorphology of the eastern segment of the North Liulengshan Fault (NLSF) in the northern SGS. Although this fault segment was previously thought to be a pure normal fault, the presence of geomorphic features such as right‐laterally offset terrace risers and gullies, along with an analysis of fault‐slip data, suggests a component of right‐lateral strike‐slip displacement. Combined with optically stimulated luminescence dating of offset fluvial terraces, the late Quaternary right‐lateral strike‐slip and vertical slip rates of this fault segment are both estimated to be ∼0.2–0.3 mm/yr. The discovery of dextral strike‐slip along the NLSF provides compelling direct evidence for determining the dextral transtensional kinematics of the SGS. This puts new constraints on our knowledge that the evolution of the SGS is primarily driven by the outward expansion and growth of the Tibetan Plateau and supports the “bookshelf” rotation kinematic model for North China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".